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Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

Acronyms
A

A

  • ABA: Applied Behavior Analysis

  • ABC: Autism Behavior Checklist – a diagnostic tool

  • ACA: Affordable Care Act

  • ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act

  • ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder

  • ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • ADI: Autism Diagnostic Interview

  • ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale

  • AIT: Auditory Integration Training

  • ASA: Autism Society of America

  • ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • ASL: American Sign Language

B

B

  • BCaBA: Board Certified Associate Behavior Analyst

  • BCAT: Board Certified Autism Technician

  • BCBA: Board Certified Associate Behavior Analyst

  • BICC: Behavioral Intervention Certification Council

  • BIP: Behavior Intervention Plan

  • BT: Behavior Technician

C

C

  • CARS: Childhood Autism Rating Scale|

  • CBCL: Achenbach Childhood Behavior Checklist – a diagnostic tool

  • CBS: Center Based Session

  • CE: Continuing Education

  • CHAT: Checklist for Autism in Toddlers – a diagnostic tool

  • CHIP: Individual’s Health Insurance Program

D

  • DD: Developmental Disabilities

  • DVD: Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia

  • DTT: Discrete Trial Training

D
E

E

  • EEG: Electroencephalogram

  • ELAP: Early Learning Accomplishment Profile – an evaluation tool

  • EHB: Essential Health Benefits

  • EIBI: Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention

  • EO: Establishing Operation

  • EPSDT: Early Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Testing

  • ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning

F

F

  • FAPE: Free Appropriate Public Education

  • FERPA: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

  • FBA: Functional Behavioral Assessment

  • FBI: Fluency-Based Instruction

  • FC: Facilitated Communication

  • FCT: Facilitated Communication Training

G

G

  • GARS: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale

H​

  • HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

H
I

I

  • IBT: Institute for Behavioral Training

  • IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

  • IEP: Individualized Education Program

  • IOA: Interobserver Agreement

  • IFSP: Individualized Family Service Plan

  • IHP: Individualized Habilitation Program

  • IMR: Independent Medical Review

  • INS: Insurance

  • IPP: Individual Program Plan

  • IRO: Independent Review Organization

L

L

  • LBA: Licensed Behavior Analyst

  • LCSW: Licensed Clinical Social Worker

  • LEA: Licensed Education Agency

  • LRE: Least Restrictive Environment

M

M

  • MHPAEA: Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

  • MOOP: Maximum Out of Pocket

  • MSDD: Multi-System Developmental Disorder

N

N

  • NET: Natural Environment Training

  • NT: Neurologically Typical or Neurotypical

  • NOS: Not Otherwise Specified

O

O

  • OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

  • ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder

  • OEP: Open Enrollment Period

  • OT: Occupational Therapist

P

P

  • PDD: Pervasive Developmental Disorder

  • PDDBI: Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory

  • PDD NOS: Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

  • PECS: Picture Exchange Communication System

  • PEP: Psycho-educational Profile

  • PEP-R: Psycho-educational Profile Revised

  • PHI: Protected Health Information

  • PRT: Pivotal Response Training

  • PSI: Parent Stress Index

  • PT: Physical Therapy

R

R

  • RBT: Registered Behavior Technician

  • RM: Reliable Measurement

S

S

  • SAS: Specialized Autism Services

  • SD: School District

  • SI: Sensory Integration

  • SIB: Self-Injurious Behavior

  • SIT: Sensory Integration Therapy

Definitions

A

  • ABA – Applied Behavior Analysis – a professional field that uses principles of learning to increase performance of socially desirable behaviors. It always relies upon the collection of objective data to measure performance and the effectiveness of an intervention. ABA is used in industry, business and education as well as in the field of disabilities. The term “ABA” is sometimes used to refer to a one-on-one therapy that is named discrete trial training. Some educational professionals as well as parents will use the term ABA when referring to this type of one-on-one therapy. See Discrete Trial Training.

  • ADA – Americans with Disabilities Act – Federal civil rights law protecting individuals with disabilities. Enacted in 1990.

  • Adaptive Behavior – The ability to adjust to new situations and to apply familiar or new skills to those situations.

  • ADD – Attention Deficit Disorder; See also ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

  • ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – A group of symptoms believed to be caused by slight abnormalities in the brain. These symptoms include a developmentally inappropriate lack of ability to attend (such as difficulty with listening to and following directions), impulsivity, distractibility, clumsiness and hyperactivity. ADHD occurs in as many as three percent of children, with onset prior to four years of age in about 50 percent of cases.

  • ADI-R – Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised, a tool for diagnosing autism.

  • Adolescent and Adult Psychoeducational Profile – An assessment tool designed for adolescents and adults with autism or other similar communicative disorders. Its purpose is to evaluate the person’s current and potential skills in areas that are important for functioning in the home, community and vocational setting.

  • ADOS-G – Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – General, a diagnostic tool for autism.

  • Advocate – An individual who represents or speaks out on behalf of another person’s interests.

  • AIT – Auditory Integration Therapy

  • Annual Goal – A statement of the desired outcome of early intervention services or education for a specific child and his family. Annual goals for early intervention are selected by the child’s parents and the child’s early intervention multidisciplinary team. They are stated on the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP). Annual goals for education also are developed by a team that includes the child’s parents, and are stated in the Individual Education Plan (IEP). Objectives may also be stated to provide developmentally appropriate activities and measurement of progress toward attainment of the goal. Objectives are more specific and measurable.

  • Antibody – A protein produced by the body which combats antigens (such as those found in viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms). Also known as immunoglobulin.

  • APE – Adapted Physical Education

  • Aphasia – Loss of ability to use or understand words.

  • Apraxia – The loss of ability to perform voluntary movements (i.e., the brain is unable to translate thoughts about moving into actual movement).

  • ARC – A national organization which provides advocacy services to individuals with intellectual disabilities and their families and publishes information about intellectual disabilities. The Arc has local and state branches throughout the United States.

  • Asperger’s Syndrome – Condition found in the DSM-V manual under Autism Spectrum Disorders.  The essential features are severe and sustained impairment in social interaction and the development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities. Additional criteria are listed in the DSM-V.

  • ASA – Autism Society of America – National nonprofit organization that promotes lifelong access and opportunities for persons within the autism spectrum.

  • ASL – American Sign Language

  • AT – Assistive Technology – Special items or equipment used to increase, maintain, or improve one’s functioning abilities. The term covers items such as computers, pencil holders, specialized switches and calculators.

  • Audiologist – A specialist who determines the presence and type of hearing impairment.

  • Audiology – The study of hearing and hearing disorders.

  • Audiometric Testing – Tests to measure the ability to hear sounds of varying frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness), thereby revealing any hearing impairment. Results are then recorded on an audiogram. Also known as audiometry.

  • Auditory – Pertaining to the sense of hearing.

  • AAC – Augmentative & Alternative Communication – Any method of communicating without speech, such as by signs, gestures, picture boards, or electronic or non-electronic devices. These methods can help individuals who are unable to use speech or who need to supplement their speech to communicate effectively.

  • ASD – Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder – Autism is a developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. The result of a neurological disorder that affects functioning of the brain, autism and its associated behaviors occur in approximately one in every 68 children. “Autistic people usually experience autism at its core as differences in thinking, perception, and movement.” Amanda Baggs, autistic adult

  • Autistic Savant – An autistic individual who displays incredible aptitude in a particular skill.

  • AYP – Adequate Yearly Progress

A Definitions

B

  • BIP – Behavior Intervention Plan – A written document that becomes part of the IEP and which identifies problem behaviors; sets goals for decreasing unwanted behaviors and increasing desired behaviors; and outlines interventions to use when specific behaviors occur. Sometimes call a behavior management plan.

  • Behavior Modification – A method of manipulating behavior through the use of rewards and consequences.

  • Behavioral Assessment – Gathering (through direct observation and by parent report) and analyzing information about a child’s behaviors. The information may be used to help the child change unwanted behaviors. Variables that are noted include when a behavior occurs as well as its frequency and duration. See Functional Behavior Assessment.

  • Behavioralist – A person who observes behavior and then helps the person develop more adaptive alternative behaviors.

  • BMP – Behavior Management Plan

B Definitions

C

  • CAPD – Central Auditory Processing Disorder

  • CARS – Childhood Autism Rating Scale, a screening tool for autism.

  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control

  • CDD – Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller’s Syndrome)

  • CEC – Council for Exceptional Children

  • CNS – Central Nervous System – The structure that consists of the brain, the spinal cord and related systems that controls all aspects of learning, thinking and movement.

  • CFR – Code of Federal Regulations

  • CHAT – Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, a screening tool for autism in young children.

  • Cognition – Thinking skills that include the ability to receive, process, analyze and understand information.

  • Cognitive – Referring to the developmental area that involves thinking skills, including the ability to receive, process, analyze and understand information.

  • Communication – The developmental area that involves skills which enable people to understand (receptive language) and share (expressive language) thoughts and feelings.

  • Communication Aid – A nonverbal form of communication such as gesture, sign language, communication boards and electronic devices.

  • Communication Board/Book – A board or book with pictures or symbols that a child or adult can point to for expression of his or her needs.

  • Communication Disorder – Difficulty with understanding and/or expressing messages. Communication disorders include problems with articulation, voice disorders, stuttering, language disorders and some learning disabilities.

  • Community Based Instruction – Refers to instruction which occurs in the community instead of on the school campus. Recreation/leisure, vocational, community, and domestic activities may take place in community settings. The advantage of this instruction is that the student learns skills in the natural context in which they are to be used

  • Consequence – Something that occurs as the direct result of action or effort. Consequences can be pleasant and reinforcing or unpleasant and punishing. Some consequences occur naturally, (i.e., when you touch a hot stove, you get burned).

  • CP – Cerebral Palsy

C Definions

D​

  • DD – See Developmental Disability.

  • DD Services – Developmental Disability Services. Governmental services for children and adults accessed through each county in Oregon. A department under DHS.

  • Developmental Delay – The term used to describe the condition of an infant or young child who is not achieving new skills in the typical time frame and/or is exhibiting behaviors that are not appropriate for his or her age. Some children who are developmentally delayed eventually have a specific diagnosis of a particular developmental disability. Other children with delays catch up with their typically developing peers.

  • DD – Developmental Disability – Any physical or mental condition (such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism or a neurological disorder) that has the following characteristics: (1) begins before the age of 22 years, (2) causes the child to acquire skills at a slower rate than peers, (3) is expected to continue indefinitely and (4) impairs the child’s ability to function normally in society. (This description is based on the federal definition of developmental disability, which is used to determine who receives particular services through federal funds.)

  • DHS – Department of Human Services; department of state government that houses services for developmental disabilities

  • DSM-V – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – The fifth edition of the reference manual published by the American Psychiatric Association, for which the text was revised in 2014. The DSM-V appears to be the most widely used manual of diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders in the United States.

  • DPT – Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccine – An immunization against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus that is usually given to infants and young children.

  • DTT – Discrete Trial Training – A method for teaching desired behaviors, skills or tasks. The skill being taught is “broken” down or sequenced into small, “discrete steps” that are taught in a highly structured and hierarchical manner. The therapist or caregiver systematically rewards or reinforces desired responses and ignores, redirects or discourages inappropriate responses. Data on all learning is recorded regularly and the therapist adjusts the teaching program as needed.

  • DOE – Department of Education

  • Dx – Diagnosis

  • Dyspraxia – A problem with praxis, (i.e., planning, initiating, sequencing and carrying out volitional movements).

D Definitions

E

  • EI/ECSE  – Early Intervention/Early Childhood Special Education – Individualized services for infants and toddlers to age 5 who are at risk for or are showing signs of developmental delay.

  • EBD – Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

  • Echolalia – The repetition of speech that is produced by others (a relatively common symptom of autism). Echoed words or phrases can include the same words and inflections as were originally heard or they may be somewhat modified. Immediate echolalia refers to works immediately repeated or repeated a brief time after they were heard. Delayed echolalia refers to the repetition of speech much later – even after days or years.

  • EEG – Electroencephalogram – A test consisting of recording brainwaves as picked up by electrodes. It is used to identify seizures.

  • Epilepsy – Sometimes called a seizure disorder. Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can occur for many reasons, including damage to the brain due to infection, injury, birth trauma, tumor, stroke, drug intoxication and chemical imbalance. Epilepsy is usually treatable with antiepileptic drugs. It is estimated that about one third of individuals with autism have seizures at some time during their lifetime. Also see Seizure.

  • ESL – English as a Second Language

  • ESOL – English for Speakers of Other Languages

  • ESY – Extended School Year – Special education and related services provided beyond the normal school year, in accordance with the child’s IEP and at no cost to the parents.

  • Expressive Language – Refers to the language that the individual can communicate to others. Generally, when referring to oral expressive language, it indicates the individual’ ability to express thoughts, feelings, wants, and desires through oral speech. Expressive language may also refer to gestures, signing, communicating through pictures and objects, and writing. Compare to Receptive Language.

E Definitions
F Definitions

F​

  • FACT Oregon – non-profit providing free training and help to parents to navigate the special education system. Contact at www.FACTOregon.org or 888-988-3228.

  • Facilitated Communication – A technique that allows non-verbal people to communicate by typing on a computer keyboard, assisted by a person called a facilitator.

  • FAPE – Free Appropriate Public Education, what every student is entitled to under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). See IDEA.

  • FDA – Food and Drug Administration

  • FERPA – Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act

  • Fine Motor Skills – The developmental area involving skills that require the coordination of the small muscles of the body, including those of the hands and face.

  • Fragile X Syndrome – A genetic disorder named for the appearance of a broken or “fragile” X chromosome when exposed to certain chemicals in a laboratory setting.

  • FBA – Functional Behavior Assessment – The process of systematically determining the function of behaviors, usually inappropriate, that are displayed by people. Behaviors are defined, measured and analyzed in terms of what happened before and after their occurrence. Based on information gathered a judgment is made about the possible communicative function of the behavior(s). Functional assessments are usually performed in order to develop behavior interventions and supports that address challenging or inappropriate behaviors. See Behavioral Assessment.

G​

  • Generalization – The ability to take a skill learned in one setting, such as the classroom, and use it in another setting like the home or community.

  • Genetics – The study of conditions resulting from inherited components of DNA.

  • Gluten Free/Casein Free Diet – An eating plan that removes gluten (wheat protein) and casein (milk protein) from a person’s diet.

  • Gross Motor Skills – The developmental area involving skills that require the coordination of the large muscles of the body, including the legs.

G Definitions

H

  • Hand-Over-Hand Guidance – Physically guiding an individual through the movements of a given task.

  • Head-Banging – A form of self-stimulation in which the child repetitively bangs head on the floor or another surface. Refer to Self-Stimulation and Self-Injurious Behavior.

  • HFA – High Functioning Autism

  • Hyper- – A prefix meaning above, elevated or excessive. Compare to Hypo-.

  • Hyperlexia/Hyperlexia – Ability to read at an early age, but often without linking the words to what they mean

  • Hyperactivity – Abnormally increased motor activity, resulting in difficulty with concentrating on one task or sitting still. Due to their overactivity and impulsivity, children who are hyperactive often have difficulty with learning, even if they score in the normal range on IQ tests. Hyperactivity can occur with attention deficit disorder, mental retardation, seizure disorder, sensory deficit disorders or other central nervous system damage. Also known as hyperkinetic.

  • Hypersensitivity – Oversensitivity to sensory input (often to the point of pain).

  • Hypo- – Prefix for under, beneath, down or less than normal. Compare to Hyper-.

  • Hyposensitivity – Under-sensitivity to sensory input, resulting in little or no response to noise, hot/cold, etc.

  • Hypotonia – Low muscle tone.

H Definitions

I

  • I/DD – Intellectual and/or Developmental Disability.

  • IDEA – Individuals with Disabilities Education Act – A federal law passed in 1997 that reauthorized and amend the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142). Provides special education services for children with 1 of 11 categories of disability so they can access a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE).

  • IEE – Independent Educational Evaluation – provided at the school’s expense if there is disagreement if the child qualifies for special education services

  • IEP – Individualized Education Plan – A written statement of a child’s current level of development (abilities and impairments) and an individualized plan of instruction, including the goals, the specific services to be received, the people who will carry out the services, the standards and time lines for evaluating progress, and the amount and degree to which a child will participate with non-handicapped peers at school. The IEP is developed by the child’s parents and professionals who evaluated the child. It is required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) for all children in special education, ages three years and up.

  • IFSP – Individualized Family Service Plan  – A written plan describing the child ages 0-5’s current level of development; the family’s strengths and needs related to enhancement of the child’s development; goals for the child and the other family members (as applicable), including the criteria, procedures and time lines used to evaluate progress,  and the specific early intervention services needed to meet the goals, including the frequency and intensity and method of delivering services, the projected date of initiating services and the anticipated duration of services. The IFSP is developed and implemented by the child’s parents and a multidisciplinary Early Intervention team. The IFSP should be evaluated and adjusted at least once a year and reviewed at least every six months. The IFSP is required by the IDEA for all children receiving early intervention services. Refer to Early Intervention and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

  • Inclusion – The general concept of including people with disabilities in all aspects of life, such as (but not limited to) education, community living, employment and recreation.

  • IQ – Intelligence Quotient

  • ISS – In School Suspension

I Definitions

J

  • Joint Attention – Coordinating attention about an object of mutual interest. This involves shifting attention from each other to an object and back. Joint attention is sometimes called referential looking.

  • Joint Compression – A technique used by occupational therapists in which various joints are “pushed together” to meet the need for deep pressure exhibited by many individuals with autism. Joint compression should only be used when carefully supervised by an occupational therapist.

J Definitions

L

  • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome – A seizure disorder that often has characteristics similar to autism.

  • LD – Learning Disabled

  • LEA – Local Education Agency, often the local school

  • LRE – Least Restrictive Environment – The educational setting that permits a child with disabilities to derive the most educational benefit while participating in a regular educational environment to the maximum extent appropriate. LRE is a requirement under the IDEA.

  • Lovaas Method – An intensive behavior modification program created by Dr. Ivar Lovaas.

L Definitions

M

  • MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging – A diagnostic tool in the sense of an X-ray machine or CAT scanner which, like them, creates internal images of selected parts of the body. Rather than sending X-rays through the body, it builds its image data by testing the magnetism of the body tissue.

  • Mainstreaming – Placing a child with disabilities in the educational setting that is as close to normal as possible. Mainstreaming may allow the child with disabilities to be educated in a regular classroom, even though supplemental resource services may be needed and provided.

  • Medically Fragile – Referring to an infant or child whose health status either is unstable or renders him at risk for developmental delay, often due to poor health.

  • MR – Mental Retardation – According to the American Association on Mental Retardation (1992), “Mental retardation refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. It is characterized by significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, functional academics, leisure and work.” In other words, someone with mental retardation performs significantly below his age level in both intellectual functioning (intelligence) and adaptive behavior. Preferred term is “Intellectual Disability.”

  • MLU – Mean (average) Length of Utterance

  • MMR – The abbreviation for Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine.

  • Modifications – Alterations of the curriculum, the support systems, the environments, or the teaching strategies to match individual needs to ensure that the student can participate actively and as independently as possible.

  • Motor Planning – The ability of the brain to conceive of, organize, and carry out a sequence of unfamiliar actions. Also known as praxis.

  • Motor Skill – The learned ability to perform movements, such as holding the body in an upright position to sit, using the hands to manipulate small items, scooping food onto a spoon and bringing the spoon to the mouth, and moving the lips and tongue to articulate different sounds.

  • Multidisciplinary Team – Refers to an assessment team which has professional members from various disciplines (education, speech pathology, psychology, medicine, etc.) to evaluate the “total child.”

M Definitions

N

  • Neurologically typical/Neuro-typical – In conversations about autism, this term is often used to describe people who do not have an autism spectrum disorder.

  • Neurologist – A physician who specializes in disorders of the brain.

  • Neurotransmitter – A chemical substance found between nerve cells in the brain that allows sensory information/impulses to travel from one part of the brain to another.

  • NICHCY – National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities

  • NIH – National Institutes of Health

  • NIMH – National Institutes for Mental Health

  • Nonverbal Communication – Any form of or attempt at unspoken or “physical” communication. Examples are temper tantrums, gestures, pointing and leading another person to a desired object

  • NT – Neurologically typical/neurotypical.

N Definitions

O

  • OCD – Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

  • OCR – Office of Civil Rights

  • ODD – Oppositional-Defiant Disorder

  • OHI – Other Health Impairment, one of the 11 qualifying disabilities for IDEA

  • Oral Motor – Relating to the muscles of the mouth.

  • OSEP – Office of Special Education Programs

  • OSERS – Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

  • OT – Occupational Therapy – Therapeutic treatment aimed at helping the injured, ill or disabled individual to develop and improve self-help skills and adaptive behavior and play. The occupational therapist also addresses the young child’s motor, sensory and postural development with the overall goals of preventing or minimizing the impact of impairment and developmental delay. The therapist also promotes acquisition of new skills to increase the child or adult’s ability to function independently.

O Definitions

P

  • PDD – Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) – A diagnostic category in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) that included Autistic Disorder. The DSM uses the term Pervasive Developmental Disorder to refer to a “severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills, communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities.” Sometimes doctors use the abbreviation PDD alone when diagnosing a child who has some, but not all, of the symptoms of autism.

  • PECS – Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) – An alternative communication system that uses picture cards.

  • PDD-NOS – Pervasive Developmental Delay – Not Otherwise Specified

  • Perseveration – Repetitive movement or speech, or sticking to one idea or task

  • PT -Physical Therapy – Therapeutic treatment designed to prevent or alleviate movement dysfunction through a program tailored to the individual child. The goal of the program may be to develop muscle strength, range of motion, coordination or endurance; to alleviate pain; or to attain new motor skills. Therapeutic exercise may include passive exercise (in which the therapist moves and stretches the child’s muscles) or the child may actively participate in learning new ways to acquire and control positions and movement.

  • Pragmatics – The understanding of how and why language is used – especially in social situations.

  • Praxis – See Motor Planning

  • PreK – PreKindergarten

  • Prognosis – An estimate of the course and outcome of a disease or other condition, including the chances of recovery.

  • Prompt – Input that encourages an individual to perform a movement or activity. A prompt may be verbal, gestural or physical. Also known as a “cue”.

  • Proprioception –The body’s conscious or unconscious awareness of its position in relation to its surrounding.

P Definitions

Q

  • Qualitative Developmental Assessment – An evaluation of the quality, rather than the quantity, of a child’s cognitive skills.​

Q Definitions

​R

  • Receptive Language – The ability to understand what is being expressed, including verbal and nonverbal communication. Compare to Expressive Language.

  • Regression – Reverting to a more immature form of behavior or decreased skill level.

  • Reinforcement – A pleasant event that occurs immediately as a direct result of an action and that increases the strength of the action or the likelihood that the action will be repeated.

  • Related Services – Additional services at school that would help a child further benefit from his special education. These services might include speech, occupational therapy,

  • transportation, etc.

  • Resource Specialist – A teacher who provides special education instruction to children who are taught by regular classroom teachers for the majority of the school day. Sometimes called resource teachers.

  • Respite/Respite Care – Skilled, adult supervision of a person with special needs with the goal of giving the primary caregiver a break.

 

R Definitions

S

  • Savant – See Autistic Savant

  • SDD – Significant Developmental Delay

  • Secretin – A hormone used to diagnose digestive problems that may also be helpful in reducing the symptoms of autism.

  • Section 504 Plan – A part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 making it illegal for any organization receiving federal funds to discriminate against any person solely on the basis of disability. Used to provide access to public education, but with fewer requirements and protections for the child.

  • Seizure – Involuntary physical movement or changes in consciousness or behavior brought on by abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain. See Epilepsy.

  • Self-Contained – In reference to special education, refers to schools or classrooms containing only special needs population.

  • SIB – Self-Injurious Behavior – Abnormal behaviors that are harmful to oneself, such as head-banging or scratching or biting oneself.

  • Self-Stimming, Self-Regulatory and Self-Stimulatory Behavior – Defined as unusual behaviors that interfere with the individual’s ability to pay attention or participate in meaningful activity, such as head banging, watching fingers wiggle or rocking side to side. Unpurposeful play with a toy can be self-stimulating, such as repetitively spinning the wheels of a toy truck instead of exploring the different ways it can be used. In children, self-stimulation is most common when there is a diagnosis of mental retardation, autism or a psychosis.\

  • Sensory Defensiveness – Refers to a group of symptoms that are indicative of over reactions of our normal protective senses across sensory modalities. Individuals may exhibit patterns of avoidance, sensory seeking, fear, anxiety, and even aggression in reaction to certain sensory stimuli.

  • Sensory Diet – An activity plan that includes specific activities designed to decrease sensory defensiveness. Timing, intensity, and sensory qualities of these activities are highlighted.

  • Sensory Impairment – A problem with receiving information through one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, touch, etc.).

  • Sensory Integration – The ability of the central nervous system to receive, process, and learn from sensations in order to develop skills. The sensations include touch, movement, sight, sound, smell and the pull of gravity.

  • Sensory Integration Therapy – A therapy that uses physical activities to help regulate the effect of and responses to sensory input.

  • Sensory Stimulation – Any arousal of one or more of the senses.

  • Serotonin – A neurotransmitter (brain chemical) that plays a part in communication with the nervous system.

  • SLD – Specific Learning Disability

  • SLP – Speech-Language Pathologist

  • Social Skills – Positive, appropriate, social behaviors that are generally considered necessary to communicate and interact with others.

  • Spectrum Disorder – A disorder, such as autism, that appears with a wide range of characteristics and functioning. At one end of the spectrum of autism individuals tend to have many challenging behaviors. At the other end individuals generally have greater cognitive abilities and can communicate relatively well with spoken language.

  • SPED – Special Education – not a place, but a way of providing a free and appropriate education to a child who meets 1 of 11 qualifying disabilities.

  • Speech Therapy – Therapy to improve the individual’s speech and language skills, as well as oral motor abilities.

  • SSI – Supplemental Security Income

  • SST – Student Support Team

S Definitions

T

  • Tactile – Relating to the sense of touch.

  • Task Analysis – Process of breaking a skill down into smaller steps.

  • TBI – Traumatic Brain Injury

  • TEACCH – Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped CHildren – A structured teaching intervention develop by Division TEACCH of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The components of the program include physical structure, schedules, individual work systems, visual structure, and routines.

  • Transitions – May refer to changes from one environment to another such as from an early childhood program to a kindergarten or first grade class or from a secondary program to the world of work. Transitions may also refer to changes from one activity to another. Transitions are typically very difficult for individuals with autism.

T Definitions

縮略語

  • ABA:應用行為分析

  • ABC:自閉症行為清單——一種診斷工具

  • ACA:平價醫療法案

  • ADA:美國殘疾人法案

  • 添加:注意力缺陷障礙

  • 多動症:注意缺陷多動障礙

  • ADI:自閉症診斷訪談

  • ADOS:自閉症診斷觀察量表

  • AIT:聽覺整合訓練

  • ASA:美國自閉症協會

  • ASD:自閉症譜系障礙

  • ASL:美國手語

  • BCaBA:董事會認證的助理行為分析師

  • BCAT:董事會認證自閉症技術員

  • BCBA:董事會認證的助理行為分析師

  • BICC:行為乾預認證委員會

  • BIP:行為乾預計劃

  • BT:行為技術員

  • 汽車:兒童自閉症評定量表|

  • CBCL:阿亨巴赫兒童行為清單——一種診斷工具

  • CBS:中心會議

  • CE:繼續教育

  • 聊天:幼兒自閉症檢查表——一種診斷工具

  • CHIP:個人健康保險計劃

  • DD:發育障礙

  • DVD:發展性言語使用障礙

  • DTT:離散試驗訓練

  • 腦電圖:腦電圖

  • ELAP:早期學習成就檔案——一種評估工具

  • EHB:基本健康福利

  • EIBI:早期強化行為乾預

  • EO:建立運營

  • EPSDT:早期定期篩查、診斷和測試

  • ERP:企業資源計劃

  • FAPE:免費適當的公共教育

  • FERPA:家庭教育權利和隱私法

  • FBA:功能行為評估

  • FBI:基於流利的教學

  • FC:促進溝通

  • FCT:促進溝通培訓

  • GARS:吉列姆自閉症評定量表

  • HIPAA:健康保險流通與責任法案

  • IBT:行為訓練研究所

  • IDEA:殘疾人教育法案

  • IEP:個性化教育計劃

  • IOA:觀察者間協議

  • IFSP:個性化家庭服務計劃

  • IHP:個性化適應計劃

  • IMR:獨立醫學審查

  • INS:保險

  • IPP:個人項目計劃

  • IRO:獨立審查組織

  • LBA:持牌行為分析師

  • LCSW:有執照的臨床社會工作者

  • LEA:許可教育機構

  • LRE:最少限制的環境

  • MHPAEA:心理健康平等和成癮平等法案

  • MOOP:最大自掏腰包

  • MSDD:多系統發育障礙

  • NET:自然環境培訓

  • NT:神經學典型或神經典型

  • NOS:未另行指定

  • 強迫症:強迫症

  • ODD:對立違抗障礙

  • OEP:開放註冊期

  • OT:職業治療師

  • PDD:廣泛性發育障礙

  • PDDBI:普遍性發育障礙行為量表

  • PDD NOS:未另作說明的廣泛性發育障礙

  • PECS:圖片交換通信系統

  • PEP:心理教育簡介

  • PEP-R:修訂心理教育概況

  • PHI:受保護的健康信息

  • PRT:關鍵反應訓練

  • PSI:父母壓力指數

  • PT:物理治療

  • RBT:註冊行為技術員

  • RM:可靠的測量

  • SAS:專門的自閉症服務

  • SD:學區

  • SI:感覺統合

  • SIB:自傷行為

  • SIT:感覺統合療法

術語和首字母縮略詞

  • ABA – 應用行為分析 – 一個專業領域,它使用學習原則來提高社會期望行為的表現。它始終依賴於客觀數據的收集來衡量干預的績效和有效性。 ABA 用於工業、商業和教育以及殘疾領域。術語“ABA”有時用於指稱為離散試驗訓練的一對一治療。一些教育專業人士和家長在提到這種類型的一對一治療時會使用術語 ABA。請參閱離散試驗培訓。

  • ADA – 美國殘疾人法案 – 保護殘疾人的聯邦民權法。 1990年頒布。

  • 適應性行為——適應新情況並將熟悉或新技能應用於這些情況的能力。

  • ADD——注意力缺陷障礙;另見 ADHD(注意缺陷多動障礙)

  • ADHD——注意力缺陷多動障礙——一組被認為是由大腦輕微異常引起的症狀。這些症狀包括發育上不適當的缺乏參與能力(例如難以傾聽和遵循指示)、衝動、注意力分散、笨拙和多動。 ADHD 發生在多達 3% 的兒童中,大約 50% 的病例在四歲之前發病。

  • ADI-R – 自閉症診斷訪談 – 修訂版,一種診斷自閉症的工具。

  • 青少年和成人心理教育概況 – 一種評估工具,專為患有自閉症或其他類似交流障礙的青少年和成人而設計。其目的是評估個人在家庭、社區和職業環境中發揮重要作用的領域的當前和潛在技能。

  • ADOS-G – Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – General,自閉症診斷工具。

  • 倡導者——代表他人利益或代表他人利益發言的個人。

  • AIT – 聽覺整合療法

  • 年度目標——對特定兒童及其家庭的早期干預服務或教育的預期結果的聲明。早期干預的年度目標由孩子的父母和孩子的早期干預多學科團隊選擇。它們在個性化家庭服務計劃 (IFSP) 中有說明。年度教育目標也由包括孩子父母在內的團隊制定,並在個人教育計劃 (IEP) 中說明。也可以陳述目標,以提供適合發展的活動和衡量實現目標的進度。目標更加具體和可衡量。

  • 抗體 – 身體產生的一種蛋白質,可以對抗抗原(例如在病毒、細菌和其他微生物中發現的抗原)。也稱為免疫球蛋白。

  • APE – 適應體育教育

  • 失語症——喪失使用或理解詞語的能力。

  • 失用症 – 喪失自主運動的能力(即大腦無法將關於運動的想法轉化為實際運動)。

  • Arc – 一個為智障人士及其家人提供宣傳服務並發布智障信息的全國性組織。 Arc 在美國各地設有地方和州分部。

  • AS -阿斯伯格綜合症 - 在自閉症譜系障礙下的 DSM-V 手冊中發現的病症。 基本特徵是嚴重和持續的社會交往障礙,以及發展受限的、重複的行為、興趣和活動模式。 DSM-V 中列出了其他標準。

  • ASA – 美國自閉症協會 – 全國性非營利組織,旨在促進自閉症譜系內的人的終身訪問和機會。

  • ASL——美國手語

  • AT – 輔助技術 – 用於增加、維持或改善個人功能能力的特殊物品或設備。該術語涵蓋計算機、鉛筆架、專用開關和計算器等物品。

  • 聽力學家 – 確定聽力障礙的存在和類型的專家。

  • 聽力學 – 聽力和聽力障礙的研究。

  • 聽力測試 – 測量聽到不同頻率(音高)和強度(響度)聲音的能力的測試,從而揭示任何聽力障礙。然後將結果記錄在聽力圖上。也稱為聽力測量。

  • 聽覺——與聽覺有關。

  • AAC – 增強性和替代性交流 – 任何無需言語的交流方式,例如通過標誌、手勢、畫板或電子或非電子設備。這些方法可以幫助無法使用語音或需要補充語音的個人進行有效溝通。

  • ASD – 自閉症或自閉症譜系障礙 – 自閉症是一種發育障礙,通常出現在生命的前三年。大約每 68 名兒童中就有一個患有影響大腦功能的神經系統疾病、自閉症及其相關行為。 “自閉症患者通常將自閉症的核心體驗為思維、感知和運動的差異。”阿曼達·巴格斯,自閉症成人

  • Autistic Savant – 一個在特定技能上表現出令人難以置信的天賦的自閉症個體。

  • AYP – 足夠的年度進步

  • BIP – 行為乾預計劃 – 成為 IEP 一部分並識別問題行為的書面文件;為減少不想要的行為和增加想要的行為設定目標;並概述了在發生特定行為時要使用的干預措施。有時稱為行為管理計劃。

  • 行為修正——一種通過使用獎勵和後果來操縱行為的方法。

  • 行為評估——收集(通過直接觀察和家長報告)和分析有關兒童行為的信息。該信息可用於幫助孩子改變不想要的行為。注意到的變量包括行為發生的時間及其頻率和持續時間。見功能行為評估。

  • 行為主義者 - 觀察行為然後幫助該人發展更具適應性的替代行為的人。

  • BMP——行為管理計劃

  • CAPD——中樞聽覺處理障礙

  • CARS – 兒童自閉症評定量表,一種自閉症篩查工具。

  • CDC – 疾病控制中心

  • CDD – 兒童精神分裂症(海勒綜合徵)

  • CEC – 特殊兒童委員會

  • CNS – 中樞神經系統 – 由大腦、脊髓和相關係統組成的結構,控制學習、思考和運動的各個方面。

  • CFR – 聯邦法規

  • CHAT – 幼兒自閉症檢查表,一種幼兒自閉症篩查工具。

  • 認知——思維技能,包括接收、處理、分析和理解信息的能力。

  • 認知——指涉及思維技能的發展領域,包括接收、處理、分析和理解信息的能力。

  • 溝通——涉及使人們能夠理解(接受性語言)和分享(表達性語言)思想和感受的技能的發展領域。

  • 交流輔助——一種非語言交流形式,如手勢、手語、交流板和電子設備。

  • 交流板/書——帶有圖片或符號的板或書,兒童或成人可以指向以表達他或她的需求。

  • 溝通障礙——理解和/或表達信息有困難。溝通障礙包括發音問題、聲音障礙、口吃、語言障礙和一些學習障礙。

  • 基於社區的教學 – 指發生在社區而不是校園內的教學。娛樂/休閒、職業、社區和家庭活動可以在社區環境中進行。這種教學的優點是學生在使用它們的自然環境中學習技能

  • 後果——作為行動或努力的直接結果而發生的事情。後果可以是令人愉快的和強化的,也可以是令人不愉快的和懲罰性的。有些後果是自然發生的(即,當您觸摸熱爐時,您會被燙傷)。

  • CP——腦癱

  • DD – 見發育障礙。

  • DD 服務 – 發育障礙服務。為兒童和成人提供的政府服務可通過俄勒岡州的每個縣獲得。國土安全部下屬的一個部門。

  • 發育遲緩——該術語用於描述嬰兒或幼兒在典型的時間範圍內沒有獲得新技能和/或表現出不適合其年齡的行為的狀況。一些發育遲緩的兒童最終會被診斷為特定的發育障礙。其他延遲的孩子趕上了他們通常發育的同齡人。

  • DD – 發育障礙 – 任何具有以下特徵的身體或精神狀況(例如智力低下、腦癱、癲癇、自閉症或神經障礙):(1) 在 22 歲之前開始,(2) 導致孩子以比同齡人更慢的速度獲得技能,(3) 預計會無限期地繼續,(4) 損害孩子在社會中正常運作的能力。 (此描述基於發育障礙的聯邦定義,該定義用於確定誰通過聯邦基金獲得特定服務。)

  • 國土安全部——人類服務部;為發育障礙提供服務的州政府部門

  • DSM-V – 精神疾病診斷和統計手冊 – 美國精神病學協會出版的參考手冊第五版,其文本於 2014 年修訂。 DSM-V 似乎是使用最廣泛的診斷標準手冊用於美國的自閉症譜系障礙。

  • DPT——白喉、百日咳和破傷風疫苗——一種針對白喉、百日咳和破傷風的免疫接種,通常用於嬰兒和幼兒。

  • DTT – 離散試驗培訓 – 一種教授所需行為、技能或任務的方法。所教授的技能被“分解”或排列成小的“離散步驟”,以高度結構化和分層的方式教授。治療師或看護者係統地獎勵或加強期望的反應,而忽略、重定向或勸阻不適當的反應。所有學習的數據都會定期記錄,治療師會根據需要調整教學計劃。

  • DOE - 教育部

  • Dx——診斷

  • Dyspraxia – 練習的問題,(即計劃、發起、排序和執行意志運動)。

  • EI/ECSE  – 早期干預/早期兒童特殊教育 – 為有發育遲緩風險或有發育遲緩跡象的 5 歲以下嬰幼兒提供個性化服務。

  • EBD——情緒和行為障礙

  • Echolalia – 重複他人的講話(自閉症的一種相對常見的症狀)。迴聲的單詞或短語可以包含與最初聽到的相同的單詞和變化,或者它們可能會有所修改。立即迴響指的是在聽到作品後立即重複或短暫重複的作品。延遲迴聲是指在很晚之後重複講話——即使是在幾天或幾年之後。

  • EEG – 腦電圖 – 一種測試,包括記錄電極拾取的腦電波。它用於識別癲癇發作。

  • 癲癇 – 有時稱為癲癇症。癲癇是一種以反復發作為特徵的疾病,由大腦異常電活動引起。癲癇發作的原因有很多,包括感染、損傷、產傷、腫瘤、中風、藥物中毒和化學失衡對大腦造成的損害。癲癇通常可以用抗癲癇藥物治療。據估計,大約三分之一的自閉症患者在其一生中的某個時候會癲癇發作。另見癲癇發作。

  • ESL – 英語作為第二語言

  • ESOL – 講其他語言的英語

  • ESY – 延長學年 – 根據孩子的 IEP,在正常學年之後提供特殊教育和相關服務,並且不向父母支付任何費用。

  • 表達語言——指個人可以與他人交流的語言。一般來說,當提到口頭表達語言時,它表示個人通過口頭語言表達思想、感情、想要和慾望的能力。表達性語言也可以指手勢、手語、通過圖片和物體進行交流以及書寫。與接受語言相比較。

  • FACT Oregon – 非營利組織,提供免費培訓並幫助家長了解特殊教育系統。聯繫 www.FACToregon.org 或 888-988-3228。

  • 促進交流 – 一種允許非語言人員通過在計算機鍵盤上打字進行交流的技術,並由稱為協調員的人員協助。

  • FAPE – 免費適當的公共教育,每個學生都有權根據《殘疾人教育法》(IDEA)獲得。見想法。

  • FDA - 食品和藥物管理局

  • FERPA – 聯邦教育權利和隱私法案

  • 精細運動技能——涉及需要協調身體小肌肉(包括手和臉的肌肉)的技能的發展領域。

  • 脆性 X 綜合徵 – 一種遺傳性疾病,因在實驗室環境中暴露於某些化學品時出現斷裂或“脆弱”的 X 染色體而得名。

  • FBA – 功能性行為評估 – 系統地確定人們表現出的通常是不恰當的行為功能的過程。行為是根據其發生前後發生的事情來定義、測量和分析的。根據收集到的信息,對行為可能的交際功能做出判斷。功能評估通常是為了製定行為乾預措施和支持,以解決具有挑戰性或不當行為的問題。見行為評估。

  • 泛化——將在一種環境(例如課堂)中學到的技能運用到另一種環境(例如家庭或社區)中的能力。

  • 遺傳學——研究由 DNA 的遺傳成分引起的條件。

  • 無麩質/無酪蛋白飲食 – 一種從飲食中去除麩質(小麥蛋白)和酪蛋白(牛奶蛋白)的飲食計劃。

  • 大運動技能——涉及需要協調身體大肌肉(包括腿部)的技能的發展領域。

  • Hand-Over-Hand 指導 – 通過給定任務的動作在身體上指導個人。

  • Head-Banging – 一種自我刺激的形式,孩子反復用頭撞擊地板或其他表面。請參閱自我刺激和自我傷害行為。

  • HFA——高功能自閉症

  • Hyper- - 一個前綴,意思是上面的、升高的或過度的。與 Hypo- 相比。

  • Hyperlexia/Hyperlexia – 能夠在很小的時候閱讀,但通常沒有將單詞與其含義聯繫起來

  • 多動症——運動活動異常增加,導致難以集中精力完成一項任務或坐著不動。由於過度活躍和衝動,多動兒童通常難以學習,即使他們在智商測試中的得分在正常範圍內。多動症可伴隨注意力缺陷障礙、智力低下、癲癇發作、感覺缺陷障礙或其他中樞神經系統損傷而發生。也稱為多動症。

  • 超敏反應 – 對感覺輸入過度敏感(通常會導致疼痛)。

  • Hypo- – 低於、低於、低於或低於正常值的前綴。與 Hyper- 相比。

  • 低敏感性 – 對感官輸入的敏感性不足,導致對噪音、熱/冷等反應很小或沒有反應。

  • 肌張力低下——肌張力低下。

  • I/DD – 智力和/或發育障礙。

  • IDEA – 殘疾人教育法 – 1997 年通過的一項聯邦法律,重新授權和修訂了《全民殘疾兒童教育法》(公法 94-142)。為患有 11 類殘疾中的一種的兒童提供特殊教育服務,使他們能夠接受免費和適當的公共教育 (FAPE)。

  • IEE – 獨立教育評估 – 如果孩子有資格接受特殊教育服務有分歧,則由學校承擔費用提供

  • IEP——個性化教育計劃——一份關於孩子當前發展水平(能力和缺陷)和個性化教學計劃的書面聲明,包括目標、要接受的具體服務、提供服務的人員、標準評估進度的時間表,以及孩子在學校與非殘疾同齡人一起參與的數量和程度。 IEP 由孩子的父母和評估孩子的專業人士制定。 《殘疾人教育法》(IDEA) 要求所有接受特殊教育的兒童,年齡在三歲及以上。

  • IFSP——個性化家庭服務計劃 – 描述 0-5 歲兒童當前發展水平的書面計劃;家庭在促進兒童發展方面的優勢和需要;兒童和其他家庭成員(如適用)的目標,包括用於評估進展的標準、程序和時間表, 以及實現目標所需的具體早期干預服務,包括提供服務的頻率、強度和方法、開始服務的預計日期和預期的服務持續時間。 IFSP 由孩子的父母和多學科早期干預團隊制定和實施。 IFSP 應至少每年評估和調整一次,並至少每六個月審查一次。 IDEA 要求所有接受早期干預服務的兒童都需要 IFSP。請參閱早期干預和殘疾人教育法。

  • 包容性——將殘疾人納入生活各個方面的一般概念,例如(但不限於)教育、社區生活、就業和娛樂。

  • IQ——智商

  • ISS——學校停課

  • 聯合注意——協調對共同感興趣的對象的注意。這涉及將注意力從彼此轉移到一個物體上,然後再轉移回來。聯合注意有時被稱為參考觀察。

  • 關節加壓 – 職業治療師使用的一種技術,其中各種關節被“推到一起”以滿足許多自閉症患者對深層壓力的需求。只有在職業治療師的仔細監督下才能使用關節加壓。

  • 生酮飲食 – 用於預防癲癇發作的限制性飲食。

  • Landau-Kleffner 綜合徵 – 一種癲癇症,通常具有與自閉症相似的特徵。

  • LD – 學習障礙

  • LEA – 當地教育機構,通常是當地學校

  • LRE – 限制最少的環境 – 允許殘疾兒童在最大程度地參與常規教育環境的同時獲得最大教育利益的教育環境。 LRE 是 IDEA 下的一項要求。

  • Lovaas 方法 – 由 Ivar Lovaas 博士創建的強化行為矯正計劃。

  • MRI – 磁共振成像 – 一種 X 光機或 CAT 掃描儀意義上的診斷工具,與它們一樣,可以創建身體選定部位的內部圖像。它不是通過身體發送 X 射線,而是通過測試身體組織的磁性來構建圖像數據。

  • 主流化——將殘疾兒童置於盡可能接近正常的教育環境中。儘管可能需要和提供補充資源服務,但主流化可能允許殘疾兒童在常規課堂上接受教育。

  • 醫學上脆弱 – 指健康狀況不穩定或使其處於發育遲緩風險的嬰兒或兒童,通常是由於健康狀況不佳。

  • MR – 精神發育遲滯 – 根據美國精神發育遲滯協會 (1992),“精神發育遲滯是指目前功能的重大限制。它的特點是智力功能顯著低於平均水平,同時存在以下兩個或多個適用的適應性技能領域的相關限制:溝通、自我照顧、家庭生活、社交技能、社區使用、自我指導、健康和安全、實用的學術、休閒和工作。”換句話說,智力低下的人在智力功能(智力)和適應性行為方面的表現都明顯低於他的年齡水平。首選術語是“智力障礙”。

  • MLU – 平均(平均)話語長度

  • MMR——麻疹、腮腺炎和風疹疫苗的縮寫。

  • 修改——改變課程、支持系統、環境或教學策略以滿足個人需求,以確保學生能夠盡可能積極和獨立地參與。

  • 運動規劃——大腦構思、組織和執行一系列不熟悉的動作的能力。也稱為實踐。

  • 運動技能 - 學習進行運動的能力,例如保持身體直立坐下,用手操作小物品,將食物舀到勺子上並將勺子放到嘴裡,以及移動嘴唇和舌頭發出不同的聲音。

  • 多學科團隊——指由來自不同學科(教育、言語病理學、心理學、醫學等)的專業成員組成的評估團隊,對“總兒童”進行評估。

  • 神經學典型/神經典型——在關於自閉症的對話中,該術語通常用於描述沒有自閉症譜系障礙的人。

  • 神經病學家——專門研究大腦疾病的醫生。

  • 神經遞質——一種在大腦神經細胞之間發現的化學物質,它允許感覺信息/衝動從大腦的一個部分傳輸到另一個部分。

  • NICHCY – 國家殘疾兒童和青少年信息中心

  • NIH – 美國國立衛生研究院

  • NIMH——美國國立精神衛生研究所

  • 非語言交流——任何形式的或嘗試的不言而喻或“身體”交流。例子是發脾氣、手勢、指向和引導另一個人到想要的對象

  • NT——神經學典型/神經典型。

  • 強迫症——強迫症

  • OCR – 民權辦公室

  • ODD——對立違抗性障礙

  • OHI – 其他健康損害,IDEA 的 11 種合格殘疾之一

  • 口腔運動 - 與口腔肌肉有關。

  • OSEP——特殊教育項目辦公室

  • OSERS – 特殊教育和康復服務辦公室

  • OT – 職業治療 – 旨在幫助受傷、生病或殘疾的個人發展和提高自助技能以及適應性行為和遊戲的治療性治療。職業治療師還關注幼兒的運動、感覺和姿勢發展,其總體目標是預防或盡量減少損傷和發育遲緩的影響。治療師還促進獲得新技能,以提高兒童或成人獨立運作的能力。

  • PDD – 廣泛性發育障礙 (PDD) – 第四版精神障礙診斷和統計手冊 (DSM-IV-TR) 中的一個診斷類別,其中包括自閉症。 DSM 使用術語“普遍性發育障礙”來指代“幾個發展領域的嚴重和普遍性損害:相互的社交互動技能、溝通技巧,或刻板行為、興趣和活動的存在。”有時,醫生在診斷患有某些(但不是全部)自閉症症狀的兒童時,會單獨使用縮寫 PDD。

  • PECS – 圖片交換通信系統 (PECS) – 一種使用圖片卡的替代通信系統。

  • PDD-NOS – 普遍發育遲緩 – 未另作說明

  • 堅持 - 重複的動作或言語,或堅持一個想法或任務

  • PT - 物理治療 – 旨在通過為個別兒童量身定制的計劃來預防或減輕運動功能障礙的治療性治療。該計劃的目標可能是發展肌肉力量、運動範圍、協調性或耐力;減輕疼痛;或獲得新的運動技能。治療性鍛煉可能包括被動鍛煉(治療師移動和拉伸孩子的肌肉),或者孩子可以積極參與學習獲取和控制位置和運動的新方法。

  • 語用學——理解語言的使用方式和原因——尤其是在社交場合。

  • 實踐 - 見電機規劃

  • PreK – 學前班

  • 預後 – 對疾病或其他狀況的病程和結果的估計,包括康復的機會。

  • 提示 – 鼓勵個人進行運動或活動的輸入。提示可以是口頭的、手勢的或身體的。也稱為“提示”。

  • 本體感覺——身體有意識或無意識地意識到其相對於周圍環境的位置。

  • 定性發展評估——對兒童認知技能的質量而非數量的評估。

  • 接受性語言——理解所表達內容的能力,包括語言和非語言交流。與表達性語言相比較。

  • 回歸——恢復到更不成熟的行為形式或降低技能水平。

  • 強化——作為一個動作的直接結果立即發生的令人愉快的事件,它增加了動作的強度或重複動作的可能性。

  • 相關服務——學校提供的額外服務,可幫助孩子進一步從特殊教育中受益。這些服務可能包括言語、職業治療、

  • 交通等

  • 資源專家 – 為在上學日大部分時間由普通課堂教師授課的兒童提供特殊教育指導的教師。有時稱為資源教師。

  • 暫托/暫托護理——熟練的成人監督有特殊需要的人,目的是讓主要看護人休息一下。

  • 學者——見自閉症學者

  • SDD——顯著發育遲緩

  • 促胰液素——一種用於診斷消化問題的激素,也可能有助於減輕自閉症的症狀。

  • 第 504 條計劃——1973 年康復法案的一部分,規定任何接受聯邦資金的組織僅因殘疾而歧視任何人都是非法的。用於提供接受公共教育的機會,但對兒童的要求和保護較少。

  • 癲癇發作 – 由大腦中異常的電活動爆發引起的不自主的身體運動或意識或行為的變化。見癲癇。

  • 自給自足 – 就特殊教育而言,是指僅包含特殊需求人群的學校或教室。

  • SIB – 自傷行為 – 對自己有害的異常行為,例如撞頭或抓撓或咬自己。

  • 自我刺激、自我調節和自我刺激行為 – 定義為乾擾個人注意力或參與有意義活動的能力的異常行為,例如撞頭、看著手指擺動或左右搖擺。無目的地玩玩具可能會自我刺激,例如重複旋轉玩具卡車的輪子,而不是探索它的不同使用方式。在兒童中,當診斷出智力低下、自閉症或精神病時,自我刺激最為常見。\

  • 感覺防禦 - 指一組症狀,表明我們的正常保護感覺在感覺方式上的過度反應。個體可能會表現出迴避、感官尋求、恐懼、焦慮,甚至對某些感官刺激做出反應的攻擊模式。

  • 感官飲食 – 一項活動計劃,其中包括旨在降低感官防禦力的特定活動。突出顯示這些活動的時間、強度和感官品質。

  • 感官障礙——通過一種或多種感官(視覺、聽覺、觸覺等)接收信息的問題。

  • 感覺統合——中樞神經系統接收、處理和學習感覺以發展技能的能力。感覺包括觸覺、運動、視覺、聲音、氣味和重力。

  • 感覺統合療法——一種利用身體活動來幫助調節感覺輸入的效果和反應的療法。

  • 感官刺激——一種或多種感官的任何喚醒。

  • 血清素——一種神經遞質(大腦化學物質),在與神經系統的交流中發揮作用。

  • SLD – 特定學習障礙

  • SLP – 語言病理學家

  • 社交技能——積極、適當的社交行為,通常被認為是與他人交流和互動所必需的。

  • Spectrum Disorder – 一種疾病,例如自閉症,具有多種特徵和功能。一方面,自閉症患者往往有許多具有挑戰性的行為。另一方面,個人通常具有更強的認知能力,並且可以用口語進行相對較好的交流。

  • SPED——特殊教育——不是一個地方,而是一種為滿足 11 個合格殘疾中的一個的孩子提供免費和適當教育的方式。

  • 言語治療 – 改善個人言語和語言技能以及口腔運動能力的治療。

  • SSI – 補充保障收入

  • SST – 學生支持團隊

  • 觸覺——與觸覺有關。

  • 任務分析 - 將技能分解為更小的步驟的過程。

  • TBI – 創傷性腦損傷

  • TEACCH - 自閉症及相關溝通障礙兒童的治療和教育 - 由北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校的 TEACCH 部門開發的結構化教學乾預。該計劃的組成部分包括物理結構、時間表、個人工作系統、視覺結構和例程。

  • 過渡——可能是指從一種環境到另一種環境的變化,例如從幼兒課程到幼兒園或一年級班,或者從中學課程到工作世界。轉換也可以指從一項活動到另一項活動的變化。對於自閉症患者來說,過渡通常非常困難。

  • 前庭 - 位於內耳的感覺系統,使身體保持平衡。

  • 視覺支持/視覺改編——書面計劃、列表、圖表、圖片序列和其他視覺效果,以永久格式傳達有意義的信息以供以後參考。視覺支持使自閉症患者能夠更獨立地運作,而無需持續的口頭指導。

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